3D-Printed vs Modular Homes
Two approaches to industrialized housing: printing walls versus building modules in a factory.
36 robots · 51 companies · from the Future of Built file
By trade
- 3D Printing · 28
- Prefab · 8
Robots
ICON
COBOD
WASP
CyBe Construction
Shimizu
Randek
Weinmann
14Trees
Constructions-3D
Sany
Tvasta
Hyperion Robotics
Companies
- ICON · Austin, United States · founded 2017
Robotic concrete printing for homes, barracks, and neighborhoods. Titan prints structural walls up to 27 feet high.
- COBOD · Taastrup, Denmark · founded 2017
The most widely deployed 3D construction printers. BOD systems are printing in 35+ countries with an open-source material approach.
- Randek · Falkenberg, Sweden · founded 1940
ZeroLabor robotic lines for wall panels, floor cassettes, and roof trusses. Prefab automation with eight decades of timber DNA.
- SQ4D · Patchogue, United States · founded 2017
ARCS prints footings, slabs, and walls on-site with ordinary store-bought concrete. Built the largest permitted 3D-printed home on record.
- CyBe Construction · Oss, Netherlands · founded 2013
Mobile 3D concrete printers on a tracked arm. Prints on-site or in the yard, then the element goes on a truck.
- Vertico · Eindhoven, Netherlands · founded 2017
Robotic 3D concrete printing for architectural formwork-free elements. Dutch design-to-print for facades and structure.
- XtreeE · Rungis, France · founded 2015
Large-scale robotic 3D concrete for complex architectural components. French computational design, printed at building scale.
- WASP · Massa Lombarda, Italy · founded 2012
Crane WASP prints houses from earth, clay, and agricultural waste. The TECLA habitats are the postcard. The printer is the point.
- Hyperion Robotics · Espoo, Finland · founded 2019
Robotic 3D printing of reinforced concrete infrastructure - stormwater, foundations, the unglamorous work that cities actually buy.
- Shimizu · Tokyo, Japan · founded 1804
Smart Site: a Japanese general contractor that builds its own robots - ceiling install, welding, material transport - and runs them on its own jobs.
- Winsun · Suzhou, China · founded 2003
The company that 3D-printed office buildings when the rest of the industry was still printing garden walls. Large-scale concrete additive manufacturing.
- 14Trees · Lilongwe, Malawi · founded 2014
Holcim joint venture printing schools and housing in Malawi, Kenya, and Zimbabwe on COBOD gantries. Classroom walls in 18 hours.
- Branch Technology · Chattanooga, United States · founded 2014
Cellular fabrication - robots print freeform lattice that becomes facade, formwork, or structure. Chattanooga, not a coastal demo.
- Terminailer · Greenfield, United States · founded 2014
Wall-panel subcomponent assembler from Construction Industry Innovations. One operator, six coil guns, no software stack - filmed here because it is a steel collar.
- Sawtooth Robotics · Nampa, United States · founded 2018
Custom automation for the component plant. Their PrePlater puts nail plates on truss members and walks them to the jig - running at The Truss Company in Centralia.
- Weinmann · St. Johann, Germany · founded 1980
HOMAG’s timber-frame lines. Wall, floor, and roof cassettes with robotic nailing, routing, and handling - the German plant most panel yards already know.
- Constructions-3D · Nantes, France · founded 2017
MaxiPrinter - a mobile gantry that 3D-prints buildings on site. French hardware, not a pavilion.
- Apis Cor · Melbourne, United States · founded 2014
Mobile 3D concrete printers that sit on the plot and extrude the walls. Florida shop, global demos.
- Black Buffalo 3D · Columbia, United States · founded 2020
NEXCON gantry printers for housing. New Jersey, bagged mix, walls that already have a permit trail.
- Luyten 3D · Melbourne, Australia · founded 2019
Australian 3D construction printers. Housing and disaster-response walls from a mobile cell.
- Tvasta · Chennai, India · founded 2016
India’s construction 3D printer. IIT Madras DNA, houses and toilets already standing.
- MudBots · St. George, United States · founded 2017
Utah concrete printers sold as a machine you can own. Gantry, mixer, walls.
- Hundegger · Hawangen, Germany · founded 1970
CNC timber machines that cut, drill, and mill the member before it hits the jig. The German plant most truss yards already envy.
- Gropyus · Vienna, Austria · founded 2020
Robotic housing factories. Vienna-designed, German-built panels that assemble on site.
- Intelligent City · Vancouver, Canada · founded 2008
Mass-timber robotic production for mid-rise housing. Vancouver, CLT, the factory that still looks like a building.
- MiTek · Chesterfield, United States · founded 1955
Cyber and Alpine component equipment. The plates, saws, and software most US truss plants already run.
- Diamond Age · Phoenix, United States · founded 2018
Robotic home construction. Phoenix, printed and assembled housing aimed at the shortage, not a pavilion.
- Aeditive · Hamburg, Germany · founded 2019
Shotcrete 3D printing for precast. German cells that print the element the yard used to form.
- BE More 3D · Castellón, Spain · founded 2019
Spanish 3D construction printing. Housing and social projects already standing.
- Twente Additive · Enschede, Netherlands · founded 2018
Dutch concrete printers. TAM gantries for on-site and factory print.
- Azure Printed Homes · Riverside, United States · founded 2021
Recycled-plastic printed ADUs. California accessory units from a printer, not a framing crew.
- Sany · Changsha, China · founded 1989
Chinese heavy iron and 3D construction printers. The gantry that already prints apartment walls at volume.
- Progress Group · Brixen, Italy · founded 1961
Precast automation - carousel plants, mesh welders, the Italian line that pours the panel.
- Elematic · Akaa, Finland · founded 1959
Precast production lines. Hollow-core, walls, the Finnish plant most concrete yards already know.
- Bina Robotics · London, United Kingdom · founded 2022
Autonomous concrete 3D-printing gantry. UK shop aiming at housing volume.
- CSCEC Third Bureau · Wuhan, China · founded 1952
China Construction’s climbing residential ‘building machine’ - a 200-ton factory that sits on the tower and rises with the floor. Wuhan, Urumqi, the jobs that used to mean a swing stage in the wind.
- LimX Dynamics · Shenzhen, China · founded 2022
Nanshan humanoids on live decks. TRON 2 is the modular dual-arm platform ZINOVA put on formwork and rebar - a general-purpose torso doing trade work, not a kung-fu demo.
- Autovol · Nampa, United States · founded 2018
Volumetric housing factory in Nampa. ABB arms build walls, floors, and ceilings into apartment modules that ship west. Sixty-six robots on a 410,000 square foot floor.
- KOBOTS · Odense, Denmark · founded 2018
Mobile sheet-cutting robots for drywall and board - Classic and X lines, phone app, less dust than a plunge saw. Odense. The cut a carpenter used to bend over the sheet to make.
- Charge Robotics · San Leandro, United States · founded 2021
Sunrise is a portable on-site bay factory that assembles and places utility-scale solar. San Leandro / Oakland. YC S21. MIT News coverage - crew model, not a paper robot.
- INSTATIQ · Munich, Germany · founded 2021
P1 Progress One prints on-site with ready-mix concrete on a mobile arm - about 26 m reach. Bavaria projects with Putzmeister and ZUBLIN. Multiple German jobs 2025-26.
- Build Additive · Austin, United States · founded 2021
Atlas Printer prints masonry walls on site as a turnkey 3DCP kit with CSA mortar workflow. US. Pricing published - kit, not a research gantry.
- Vertis 3D · Dallas, United States · founded 2020
Gantry printer that lays monolithic reinforced concrete frames on site as Construction-as-a-Service. US multi-state permit claims. Early commercial CaaS, not a lab print.
- RIC Technology · Torrance, United States · founded 2018
RIC-PRIMUS is a large-scale on-site 3D construction printing robot. Torrance, California. World of Concrete 2025 launch - same Torrance 3DCP family as RIC Robotics, listed once.
- Evocons · Las Palmas, Spain · founded 2023
Evoconstructor is a multifunctional print/pour/level/finish platform for on-site concrete work. Canary Islands roots, Spanish patents claimed. Gantry 3DCP on live pads.
- Coral Construction Technologies · Prague, Czechia · founded 2023
Robotic 3D concrete printing systems for walls and structural elements - printhead branded Coral on the nozzle. Prague. WOC 2026 exhibitor.
- X-Hab 3D · State College, United States · founded 2015
MX3DP is a tracked, container-mobile robotic-arm concrete printer with onboard mix/pump - State College, PA. Military and disaster-relief demos; prints to ~25 ft with hydraulic lift reach.
- StructureBot · Colorado Springs, United States · founded 2021
Portable large-format gantry 3D construction printers for homes, retaining walls, and civil elements. Colorado Springs PBC. Robotics-as-a-service and builder-operated kits.
- MESH · Zurich, Switzerland · founded 2022
ETH Zurich spin-off for robotic rebar - ACTUATE machine tending, NODE tying/welding cells, ASSEMBLE cage lines. Birr production hall. The ironworker pile that used to wait on a shop floor.
- All3 · Zug, Switzerland · founded 2024
Mantis is a heavy-duty four-legged construction robot for install, fasten, finish, and inspect - paired with All3's timber micro-factory stack. Zug HQ, Berlin/London R&D. Early fleet pilots.
- Krosaki · Kitakyushu, Japan · founded 1918
REX-ROBO automates refractory maintenance on ladle slide gates and related hot-steel work cells - Kitakyushu (K-GenesisX). Heat-shrouded industrial arms that take crews out of the hottest refractory exchange jobs.
Frequently asked questions
- What is the difference between 3D-printed and modular homes?
- Printed homes extrude walls in place; modular homes are built as modules in a factory and set on site.
- Which companies are on the 3d-printed vs modular homes list?
- Future of Built lists 51 companies here, including ICON, COBOD, Randek, SQ4D, CyBe Construction, Vertico, XtreeE and WASP.
- Where are these companies headquartered?
- By headquarters: United States (18), China (4), Germany (4), Netherlands (3), Denmark (2).
- How many of these robots are deployed?
- Of the 36 robots on this page, 20 deployed, 9 production, 7 pilot, per the Future of Built file.